Today the U.S. Census Bureau released the first results of the 2020 U.S. Census. No, today's statistics will not tell you the names of your relatives nor any information about where anyone lived. You will have wait to wait another 72 years for that information. (I can hardly wait until the year 2092!)

What today's report did reveal was the TOTAL number of U.S. residents counted, as specified by the U.S. Constitution. We are now 331 million strong! (The exact number is 331,449,184.)

That 7.4% increase was the second-slowest ever recorded. Experts say that paltry pace reflects the combination of an aging population, slowing immigration and the scars of the Great Recession, which led many young adults to delay marriage and starting families.

Today's report also delivered (1) analyses that compare the first census results to other ways of measuring the population, and (2) metrics that provide insight into the census operations.

“Despite all the challenges of the pandemic, the completeness and accuracy of these first 2020 Census results are comparable with recent censuses,” said Census Bureau Acting Director Ron Jarmin. “We had numerous quality checks built into collecting the data, and we have conducted one of the most comprehensive reviews in recent census history during data processing. We are confident that today’s 2020 Census results meet our high data quality standards.”

The census release marks the official beginning of the once-a-decade redistricting battles. The next few months should be interesting as our two largest political parties fight gerrymandering battles.  (See Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering for a rather detailed description of the creation and history of gerrymandering.)

Today's numbers generally chart familiar American migration patterns but also confirm one historic marker: For the first time in 170 years of statehood, California is losing a congressional seat, a result of slowed migration to the nation’s most populous state, which was once a symbol of the country’s expansive frontier.

One other factor in today's report caught my eye: Congressional seats. Texas was the biggest winner — the second-most populous state added two congressional seats, while Florida and North Carolina gained one. States losing seats included Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania and West Virginia

If New York had counted 89 more residents, the state would have kept its seat and Minnesota would have lost one.

You can learn a lot more at the 2020 Census: Operational Quality Metrics at: https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-census-operational-quality-metrics.html.

The following is an extract from the IAJGS Public Records Access Monitoring Committee mailing list and is republished here with permission:

The Maryland Legislature passed HB 240 (http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2021RS/bills/hb/hb0240f.pdf) and is on its way to the governor’s desk for his signature.  The bill is entitled: Criminal Procedure- Forensic Genetic Genealogical DNA Analysis, Searching, Regulation and Oversight. Considering the margins by which it passed both chambers of the legislature it appears to be veto-proof: House of Delegates 136:1 and Senate by 40:0.

Included in the legislation is the requirement that laboratories performing SNP or other sequencing tests must be licensed by October 1, 2022 and that genetic genealogists must be licensed by October 1, 2024.  It also stipulates that a laboratory using sequencing techniques using a direct-to-consumer or publicly available open data personal genomics database has to provide notice to its users and the public that law enforcement may use its service sites to investigate crimes or to identify unidentified human remains.

The laboratories performing SNP or other sequenced-based testing and the genetic genealogist must be licensed by the Office of Health Care Quality.  Informed consent is required in writing and the person obtaining informed consent must have training from a bioethicist approved by the Office of Health Care Quality and the informed consent must be documented by video or audio recording.

The bill also goes into detail about third-parties such as they are not the suspect in the investigation, how they were identified through a search of a direct-to-consumer or publicly-available open data personal genomics database as a potential relative and more. The bill also calls for destruction of the sample under specified circumstances. 

The bill requires an annual report to the governor , the General Assembly and is publicly available by the Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services. 

Judy Russell’s excellent summary of the bill may be found at:  https://www.legalgenealogist.com/2021/04/25/dna-day-2021/

Scroll down to below the National DNA graphic half-way down the page. 

Note the bill ONLY addressed genealogists working with the police or on a police-related case.

A similar bill was introduced in 2019 but did not get out of the Legislature.

Jan Meisels Allen
Chairperson, IAJGS Public Records Access Monitoring Committee

The following announcement was written by Findmypast:

From the Second World War to the house next door, there are endless potential discoveries on offer this Findmypast Friday.

Here's everything you need to know about what's new this week at Findmypast.

1939 Register

Where were your relatives at the outbreak of the Second World War? Find out with a newly-opened tranche of over 95,000 records from 1939.

Findmypast regularly open previously redacted 1939 Register entries making Findmypast's version the most up-to-date one available online.

British Army, Royal Engineers 1900-1949

The first phase of this new collection sees transcripts and images of over 92,000 tracer cards, mostly from World War 2, published online for the first time.

Tracer cards track a soldier's movement within and between regiments. The records can reveal names, army numbers and dates of birth and enlistment, all useful detail for fleshing out your family tree. 

Surnames from A-H are included in this first release. More records will be added over time. Combine this new collection with Royal Engineers Journals 1939-1945 to gain even more insight into this regiment's wartime exploits.

British Army, Coldstream Guards 1800-1947 Image Browse

Now available to browse page-by-page, delve into a range of different records to uncover details of those who served in this famous regiment.

The collection includes:

• • Casualties 1939-1947
  • Courts Martials 1800-1815
  • Decorations and Rewards 1914-1918 and 1939-1948
  • Discharges 1884-1947
  • Enlistments 1884-1947
  • Missing in Action 1939-1945
  • Nominal Roll of 1st Battalion men serving in Sudan 1932-1933
  • Officers’ Record of Services 1861-1915
  • Shanghai Defence Force 1927-1928
  • South African Campaign 1899-1902
  • Succession Book of 2nd Battalion officers 1797-1926
  • Succession Book of Officers 1826-1936
  • Record of Campaigns 1854-1895

As well as browsing through the records in this new addition, you can also pinpoint military ancestors in Findmypast’s searchable collection.

Newspapers

Findmypast have released four brand new papers and added thousands of pages to seven existing titles. Fresh to the site are:

• • Eckington, Woodhouse and Staveley Express covering 1897-1911 and 1913-1940
  • Glamorgan Advertiser covering 1919-1949 and 1951-1962
  • Gravesend & Northfleet Standard covering 1892-1895, 1898-1910 and 1912-1915
  • Hants and Sussex News covering 1889-1892 and 1895-1913

While coverage has been expanded for:

• • Atherstone, Nuneaton, and Warwickshire Times from 1885-1888 and 1890-1891
  • Blandford and Wimbourne Telegram from 1880-1883
  • Flintshire County Herald from 1887-1895, 1898-1910 and 1912-1947
  • Haslingden Gazette from 1916-1926
  • Northern Weekly Gazette from 1905, 1907-1909, 1914-1916 and 1932
  • Penistone, Stocksbridge and Hoyland Express from 1898-1907 and 1926
  • Stockton Herald, South Durham and Cleveland Advertiser from 1890

NOTE: This is an updated version of an article I originally published several years ago. A newsletter reader recently questioned the life expectancy of digital files versus paper. I referred him to my earlier article but noticed that it was a bit out of date. I have now rewritten part of the original article and am republishing it today.

I often write about digital products for use in genealogy. Here is a comment I hear and read all the time: “I am going to keep my files on paper to make sure they last for many years, longer than digital files.”

Wrong! Properly maintained, digital files will always last much, much longer than paper or microfilm. Let’s focus on the phrase, “properly maintained.”

Documents printed on paper will last 25 to 100 years, sometimes more, depending upon the type of paper used, the ink that is used, the binding, storage conditions, and so forth. Ink fades, toner fades even more quickly, and the stuff that substitutes for real ink in inkjet printers fades the fastest of all. Paper darkens. While archival quality paper may last for a century or more, the much more common acid-based paper will start to deteriorate win 10 years or so. Exposure to light, humidity, and variable temperatures only hastens the degradation of the printed words and images.

Anything you create today on paper probably will last your lifetime if properly cared for. However, it probably will not be readable by your great-great-grandchildren.

Anything published on microfilm will last 200 or 300 years, if stored in optimum climate-controlled conditions and if the microfilm is never used. (Microfilm is fragile and scratches easily with use. If used often enough, the scratches will eventually make the microfilm unreadable.)

Storing paper or microfilm for archival purposes also assumes the storage location will be preserved. That is, there will never be a fire, flood, hurricane, earthquake, tornado, burst water pipe, a roof collapse, or even human error. Of course, that is impossible to guarantee.

In the past few years, I have reported about losses of paper documents in major archives around the world because of earthquakes, fires, floods, and similar disasters. For a recent example, see my story earlier this week at https://eogn.com/page-18080/10335566.

Even then, I only report the major stories, those where millions of documents are lost. I don’t know how many people lose their personal papers due to disasters or human error, but I suspect the number is large.

Ideally, all paper and microfilm should have multiple copies made and stored in different locations in order to protect against local disasters. However, that is usually too difficult and too expensive to be practical. No matter how good the storage conditions, paper and microfilm have a life expectancy measured in seconds when a fire, flood, hurricane, earthquake, or tornado hits the building. Even a simple burst water pipe can destroy millions of paper records. That has happened many times in the past and undoubtedly will happen again.

Luckily, digital files will last forever and will not deteriorate from use if proper precautions are taken. Simply make multiple copies of each file and store those copies in DIFFERENT, widely-separated locations. Luckily, that doesn’t cost much with digital files and only requires a few minutes of your time.

Of course, in order to last forever, the files also must be copied to new media every few years, and the file format must be updated (converted) to new formats, as needed. For instance, if copies are stored on CD-ROM disks, those copies need to be re-copied to newer forms of storage as the technology changes. If images are stored in JPG format, they do need to be converted to new formats as newer formats become available. Data that is “maintained” properly in the latest formats on the latest storage devices will remain visible forever.

We have a great example of the wisdom of data format conversion. When the Social Security Administration first started computerizing death records, the information was recorded on 80-column punch cards. However, not many people have punch card readers on their computers at home these days and yet we can still access those records today. How is this possible? Simple. After five or ten years or so, the records were copied from 80-column punch cards to 3/4-inch magnetic tape. A few years later, before 3/4-inch magnetic tape became completely obsolete, the records were copied to the more modern storage on 1/2-inch magnetic tape. A few years later, before 1/2-inch magnetic tape became completely obsolete, the records were copied to the more modern storage of disk drives. Still later, those 1/2-inch magnetic tapes and disk drives were copied time and again, each time to more modern media.

Not only were single copies made, but multiple copies were made and stored in different locations. Unlike paper, a single disaster is not going to destroy all the copies of the computerized records. One fire at one Social Security Administration facility is not going to destroy all copies of millions of records, as happened to the paper records stored at NARA’s military personnel records in St. Louis in 1973. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Personnel_Records_Center_fire for details.) Nothing is ever guaranteed, but I would bet that the Social Security Administration’s computerized records stored in several different locations will last a lot longer than did the paper records at the National Personnel Records Center in 1973.

For relatively small amounts of money, digital files can have two, three, five, or even ten copies made and each copy can be stored in a different location, even overseas.

Luckily, all well-run data centers have been doing all this for years. The Social Security Administration is but one example. Others, including NASA, the military, almost every corporation, and even schools and non-profits, keep up-to-date multiple copies of their important data and they store those copies in different locations to protect against fire, floods, tornados, and other local disasters.

Data maintenance and preservation is a well-established practice that is already in use in thousands of data centers today. You can easily do the same at home.

The answer lies in making frequent copies, something that is easy to do with digital files but much harder with paper or microfilm. Both paper and microfilm can be copied, but each new paper or microfilm copy suffers from a bit of degradation. That is, the copy is never as good as the original. If you have a copy of a copy of a copy, the loss will be significant.

To see this, write or print something on paper. Anything. Then make a photocopy of it using any standard photocopy machine. Then make a copy of the photocopy. Then make another photocopy of the latest photocopy. Do this about ten or more times, each time making a new photocopy image of the latest photocopy.

The result will eventually be unreadable.

Digital files, however, do not suffer from degradation. Each bit and byte is the same to a computer, no matter how many times it gets copied; so, the quality of a copy of a digital image will be just as good as the original. If you make copies of the copies, they, too, will be exactly as clear and readable as the original. Go through a similar exercise with digital images, copy the copy, then re-copy the result, and so on through ten “generations.” Unlike copying paper and microfilm, the result of copying ten generations of a digital image will be a new image that is exactly the same as the original. There will be no loss or degradation.

To be sure, putting a digital image on the shelf and leaving it there, unattended, does mean it will become obsolete within a few years. Luckily, no well-run data center ever does that. Using proper data maintenance techniques that have been proven over the years, digital data can last forever.

While this is common practice in data centers, it is not so common in our homes. Yet you can easily do the same for any data or images you store digitally.

Make frequent copies. Make sure you have multiple backups, stored in different locations. Store a copy on your computer, store another copy on an external hard drive, store another copy on a flash drive, store another copy in the cloud on some Internet backup service, give a copy to your relatives, and so on. You can never make too many copies. Make sure you store them in a number of places many miles apart.

There is a phrase that most archivists use that seems appropriate: L.O.C.K.S.S. That stands for “Lots Of Copies Keep Stuff Safe.” The archivists are correct. They also know to store those copies in widely-separated locations.

You also need to convert each file to more modern formats, as needed. For instance, if you created word processing files thirty years ago using WordStar (a popular word processor of the time), those files need to be updated to a more modern program’s format. The most common word processor format of today is DOC files, originally used with Microsoft Word and now also used by almost every word processor on the market. Luckily, it is still easy today to convert WordStar files to DOC format using any of a number of different programs but that will not be true forever. The files need to be converted while conversion software is still available.

DOC files are becoming obsolete and the newer format is DOCX. Are you converting your personal DOC files to the new DOCX format? That is still easy to do with most all of today's word processors but I am not sure it will be easy to do 20 or 30 years from now. You might start converting your DOC files now!

The same is true for all those photographs you have stored as digital files. JPG and TIFF are the most popular formats today, but those will change someday. When the time comes, convert your files to whatever replaces JPG and TIFF. There are a number of programs available that will convert large numbers of image files to a different format, and some of them are available free of charge. With such programs, batch conversions of a few hundred or even a few thousand digital files usually are easy to accomplish within minutes.

If you care about your information and pictures, make sure at least one younger relative has the same interest you do and will carry on after you are gone. Ideally, you should more than one such interested relative. When it comes to your family history, this human backup complements your file backup. In fact, you know those multiple backups and multiple locations I mentioned? It might be a good idea to give copies of all those files NOW to the people you entrust to maintain the information in the future. Having copies at their multiple locations is one more method of insuring that backups will remain available.

With very little effort and planning, you can easily emulate the best practices of most modern data centers. Digital data preservation is much easier than many people think – and it’s certainly easier, cheaper, and more effective than preserving paper or microfilm.

The following announcement was written by Findmypast:

·         Launched in response to user feedback, this major update enables users to hunt for street names across all UK census records in one simple search 

·         Improved search introduces a raft of new features and paves the way for future updates  

·         Designed to enhance user discoveries by making it easier to locate ancestors and explore the history of a home 

The following is an announcement from DigitalNC:

Over 2000 issues of The Commonwealth, a paper published in Scotland Neck, are now on DigitalNC.  The issues span 40 years, from 1882 to 1922, adding a lot of coverage in our newspaper collection from the coastal region of the state. The very first issue, published August 24, 1882, is included in this batch, stating it was an “uncompromising Democratic journal.” The paper had a definite editorial stance supporting the Democrats both statewide and nationally and attacking the Republican party, which was the party of Black and white in North Carolina, while the Democrats were against any efforts at integration.  This editorial stance continues into the 20th century, with an interesting gap in publication the week of the coup in Wilmington in 1898, but the following week had an editorial in support of the actions taken by the white supremists in the city.  By the 1920s, more of a focus on news and less of an editorial bent seems evident, with their tagline being “All the News in a Nutshell.”

To view more newspapers on DigitalNC, visit our North Carolina Newspapers collection.  

Digitization of this newspaper is made possible in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom.

NOTE: This is a follow-up to an earlier article, University of Cape Town (South Africa) Library Destroyed by Fire, published two days ago at https://eogn.com/page-18080/10328544:

A wildfire that burned vast areas of Cape Town’s iconic Table Mountain, historical landmarks and a university library that houses priceless collections of African antiquities was largely under control late Monday, and evacuees were allowed to return to their homes in the area.

The fire was about 70 to 80 percent contained, although there was a danger it could flare up again because of strong winds, said Philip Prins, fire manager for Table Mountain National Park. The blaze began Sunday morning near the memorial to colonial leader Cecil Rhodes and quickly spread uncontrolled beneath Devil’s Peak in the national park, in an area popular with weekend hikers and cyclists.

By Monday, winds approaching 30 mph had pushed the fire toward densely populated areas above downtown Cape Town, forcing the evacuation of residents living along some edges of the park. Well-known tourist sites such as the Table Mountain aerial cableway and the nearby Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden were temporarily closed.

“The library is our greatest loss,” the university’s vice chancellor, Mamokgethi Phakeng, told a local radio station. “Some of these cannot be replaced by insurance, and that is a sad day for us.”

It is believed that very few of the items in the library have been duplicated by electronic methods and saved elsewhere.

You can read more at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/18/south-africa-fire-university-cape-town/.

Anyone who knows Jill Ball will be interested to know she has been featured in an interview published on the FamilySearch web site.

Anyone who doesn't know Jill Ball is missing out on a delightful experience. You can partially correct that now by obtaining a bit of information about her genealogy-dominated life from an article written by Debra Woods and published at https://www.familysearch.org/blog/en/jill-ball-genealogist-australia/.

I have met Jill Ball several times and can verify that she is a delightful person to know. I am sure her many worldwide acquaintances will agree.

This is "recommended reading." Again, you can find the article at https://www.familysearch.org/blog/en/jill-ball-genealogist-australia/.

This sounds ideal for a highly-skilled genealogist who wishes to find a work-from-home position. However, be aware that a very high level of genealogy expertise is required. The job opening specifies "Two or more years' professional experience in genealogical research."

Quoting from a help wanted ad in the General Society of Mayflower Descendants (GSMD) web site:

The General Society of Mayflower Descendants (GSMD) has openings in the Department of Genealogy and Research Services. These positions will work remotely as part of a team to process membership applications, by evaluating lineage information and documentation for completeness, validity, and correctness. Experience in professional genealogical research and methods is key to this role.

Required Qualifications & Skills:

Two or more years' professional experience in genealogical research.

Demonstrates proven experience resolving conflicting evidence and same name problems.

Experience working with original and compiled sources, both original hard copy and digital documents, as well as knowledge of advanced internet search techniques, including wildcard usage.

Demonstrates strong writing skills; able to clearly explain complex research problems and provide recommendations for further research.

Demonstrates advanced proficiency in word processing (Microsoft Word & Adobe PDF) software, and on and offline database and lineage software.

Attention to detail; experience in proofing and editing, as well as excellent time management and organizational skills.

Communicate and respond to supervision effectively using video conference applications (Zoom, GoToMeeting, etc).

Preferred Qualifications:

Candidates with experience in advanced genealogical methods.

Experience with lineage society applications a plus.

Proven track record of remote productivity a plus.

Also:

Finalists will be asked to provide a sample analysis of genealogy or family research submitted in narrative form.

There is more background information about the General Society of Mayflower Descendants available at https://www.themayflowersociety.org/our-society/work-with-us.

A great online genealogy seminar is expected to be held on 6 different days in May and June. You can attend "in person" regardless of where you are located.

The following is an announcement from the U.S. National Archives and Records administration, published at https://www.archives.gov/calendar/genealogy-fair: 

In lieu of the autumn 2020 Virtual Genealogy Fair that could not be held due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we are pleased to offer a new Genealogy Series! Instead of a single-day event, the program sessions will be broadcast individually during May and June. You are invited to watch and participate in real time with the presenters and family historians from around the world on YouTube. 

Over the two months, the sessions will offer family history research tools on federal records for all skill levels. The May sessions are broad and will appeal to the beginner and beyond. The June sessions are focused on specific topics and may be better suited for the experienced researcher. All are welcome! Session descriptions, videos, handouts, and participation instructions are below.

• • Open with no reservations required 
  • Watch the broadcasts via YouTube 
  • Participate and ask questions via chat during the scheduled broadcasts 
  • After the scheduled broadcasts, video recordings and presentation materials will be available online

2021 Genealogy Series Schedule

In lieu of the autumn 2020 Virtual Genealogy Fair that could not be held due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we are pleased to offer a new Genealogy Series! Instead of a single-day event, the program sessions will be broadcast individually during May and June. You are invited to watch and participate in real time with the presenters and family historians from around the world on YouTube. 

Over the two months, the sessions will offer family history research tools on federal records for all skill levels. The May sessions are broad and will appeal to the beginner and beyond. The June sessions are focused on specific topics and may be better suited for the experienced researcher. All are welcome! Session descriptions, videos, handouts, and participation instructions are below.

• • Open with no reservations required 
  • Watch the broadcasts via YouTube 
  • Participate and ask questions via chat during the scheduled broadcasts 
  • After the scheduled broadcasts, video recordings and presentation materials will be available online

2021 Genealogy Series Schedule

	Tuesday, May 4, at 1:00 p.m. ET Preserving and Digitizing Personal Photo Albums and Scrapbooks  Presenters: Sara Holmes & Noah Durham Skill level: All Presentation Slides and Handout  YouTube Preserving photo albums and scrapbooks can be especially challenging, often because they are bound and contain a variety of problematic materials. This session addresses how to work with the poor quality materials commonly found in personal scrapbooks and albums, how to maintain the integrity of the arrangement, and how to store photo albums and scrapbooks appropriately. Pro tips for home users include ways to digitize albums, organize electronic files, and preserve them as electronic records. Examples come from both National Archives and personal collections.
	Wednesday, May 12, at 1:00 p.m. ET  Finding Genealogy Resources and Tools on Archives.gov  Presenter: Sarah Swanson Skill level: All Handout: coming soon! YouTube This presentation will provide an overview of what’s available for genealogists on the archives.gov website, and demonstrate how to navigate to its many resources and tools, including the National Archives Catalog, the Access to Archival Databases (AAD) system, the Microfilm Catalog, topic pages, articles, reports, and blogs. We’ll explore the Genealogy portal page, and also see how the website is organized, which will enable you to do even more expansive searches for information.
	Wednesday, May 19, at 1:00 p.m. ET Tips and Tools for Engaging Family with Your Research Finds  Presenters: Missy McNatt & Dorothy Dougherty Skill level: Beginner Handout: coming soon! YouTube As the family historian, you have amassed information and records that will one day pass to the next family historian. How do you share your findings with others? How to engage young family members involved with all your hard research may be another story. Education staff members Missy McNatt and Dorothy Dougherty will demonstrate fun and engaging ways to connect research to your family, including younger family members. This lecture will highlight activities related to our most popular genealogy records, such as Immigrant Ship Arrivals, U.S. Census Records, Naturalization records, and Military and Pension files. The presenters will also demonstrate new ways to share your research finds online, using social media tools.
	Tuesday, June 1, at 1:00 p.m. ET From Here to There: Researching Office of Indian Affairs Employees  Presenters: Cara Lebonick & Cody White Skill level: Experienced (all are welcome!) Handout: coming soon! YouTube Researching ancestors who worked for federal agencies is a popular topic at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). This presentation will tie together the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Official Personnel Files (OPF) held in St. Louis with agency records located in various NARA field sites. The session will open with what can be found in the OPFs and how to request them. Cara Moore Lebonick will conduct a deep dive into several OPF's of Native women employed by the BIA. Cody White will then explore how further information can be found in the regional records of the BIA. Together Cara and Cody will show how the holdings across the National Archives can provide a more complete genealogical story.
	Tuesday, June 8, at 1:00 p.m. ET Civil War Union Noncombatant Personnel: Teamsters, Laundresses, Nurses, Sutlers, and More  Presenter: Claire Kluskens Skill level: Experienced (all are welcome!) Handout: coming soon! YouTube The National Archives Building in Washington, DC contains many records about noncombatant civilians connected with the Union Army during the American Civil War. However, the records are underutilized because there is no comprehensive index, no “one” place to look, and require time-consuming research into obscure records. Digitization is slowly changing that, however! This lecture will provide suggestions for research with emphasis on online materials that can help you get started.
	Tuesday, June 15, at 1:00 p.m. ET Merchant Marine Records at the National Archives at St. Louis  Presenter: Theresa Fitzgerald Skill level: All Handout: coming soon! YouTube The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) recently accessioned the core collection of Merchant Marine Licensing Files, which are now open to the public for the first time at the National Archives at St. Louis. Theresa Fitzgerald will discuss these holdings as well as our auxiliary collections of Merchant Marine records that are complex and closely connected.

Captioning

Live captioning will be available online with StreamText. If you require an alternative or additional accommodation for the event, please email KYR@nara.gov.